technology have, in England and America, long permeated every 
phase of communal life. In those areas a child learns literacy 
from traffic and street, from every car and toy and garment. 
Learning to read and write is a minor facet of literacy in the 
uniform, continuous environments of the English-speaking 
world. Stress on literacy is a distinguishing mark of areas that 
are striving to initiate that process of standardization that 
leads to the visual organization of work and space. Without 
psychic transformation of the inner life into segmented visual 
terms by literacy, there cannot be the economic “take-off” that 
insures a continual movement of augmented production and 
perpetually accelerated change-and-exchange of goods and 
services.

     Just prior to 1914, the Germans had become obsessed 
with the menace of “encirclement.” Their neighbors had all